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作者:博医康来源:北京博医康实验仪器有限公司 发表日期:2015年3月22日 11:45
【摘要】 本研究探讨冷冻干燥保存血小板的方法,以获得可长期冻干保存的血小板制品,使之能在常温条件下保存、占用空间小、重量轻、便于长距离运输,能够满足突发事件和战伤救治的需要。在冷冻干燥保存过程中添加血小板可逆性激活抑制剂、DMSO和海藻糖等低温保护剂,进行预处理、冷冻、一级干燥、二级干燥,再水化,并同时测定血小板回收率,凝血酶聚集反应,促凝血功能,CD62p表达率和PAC1表达率等。结果表明:血小板回收率为56.29%,其对凝血酶的聚集反应与对照组无明显差异,对ADP和丙基没食子酸诱导的聚集反应较对照组分别降低49.34%和26.25%,促凝血功能与对照组比较也无统计学差异;冻干血小板CD62p表达率为42.36%,PAC1表达率为2.12%,凝血酶激活后CD62p再表达率为50.88%,PAC1再表达率为54.55%。结论:添加血小板可逆性激活抑制剂,海藻糖和DMSO后的冻干血小板,其聚集活性和促凝血功能与新鲜血小板无明显差异,血小板可逆性激活抑制剂降低了冻干血小板的CD62p表达,增强了冻干血小板的生存能力,因而延长了其生存时间,因此可以该冻干方法为基础进一步提高冻干保存血小板的效率。
【关键词】 可逆性激活抑制剂
Experimental Study on Lyophilization of Plaets
Abstract The aim of this study was to search a procedure of plaet lyophilization and find a way of longterm sto rage of human plaets at normal temperature with smaller size and lighter weight, to be convenient to transport at long distance thus to meet the demands in accidents and war time. Human plaets were pretreated by freezing, the first and the second desiccation, and were added with reversible activationinhibitors of plaets, DMSO and trehalose, then were rehydrated. At the same time, the recovery rate of plaets, plaet maximal aggregation induced by thrombin, coagulation of plaets, CD62p expression and PAC1 expression were assayed. The results indicated that the recovery rate of the plalelets was 56.29%. The plaet maximal aggregation induced by thrombin had no significant difference between lyophilized plaets and the fresh plaetrich plasma (FPRP), but the aggregation of plaets induced by ADP or propyl gallate was decreased by 49.34% and 26.25%. Coagulation of the lyophilized plaets was not significantly different from FPRP. CD62p expression of the lyophilized plaets (42.36%) was higher than that in FPRP while PAC1 expression was 2.12%. CD62p reexpression rate induced by thrombin was 50.88% and PAC1 reexpression was 54.55%. It is concluded that the ability of recovered lyophilized plaets added with reversible activationinhibitors, DMSO and trehalose to aggregate and coagulate has showed no significant difference as compared with FPRP. The reversible activationinhibitors can decrease CD62p expression of lyophilized plaets, and may enhance their survival ability and prolongate survival time. Therefore the efficiency of lyophilizing plaets can be improved based on this freezedrying procedure.
Key words plaet; lyophilization; activationinhibitor; trehalose; DMSO
由于冻干制品能在常温下保存、性能稳定、便于运输,因而冷冻干燥技术已广泛应用于各种生物材料的保存。目前的血小板保存方法使其应用和运输受到很大的限止,冻干是血小板的保存方法,冻干的血小板能在常温条件下保存、占用空间小、重量轻、便于运输等,尤其能应付突发事件以及战场救治的需要。因此,冻干保存血小板的研究几十年来一直吸引着各国学者的关注。本研究利用海藻糖、可逆性血小板功能抑制剂和二甲亚砜等低温保护剂,冷冻干燥保存血小板,现将研究结果报告如下。
材料和方法
血小板来源
血小板取自自愿供血者。自愿供血者献血前1天内禁饮含酒精类饮料,2周内未服用阿司匹林等抗血小板及抗凝血的药物。应用COBE Spectra血液分离机采集浓缩血小板(PCs)。
主要试剂及溶液
试剂 植酸钠(Phylocid sodium, Sigma公司产品),百维利肽(Bivalirudin, Medicine公司产品)左旋精氨酸(Larginine, Sigma公司产品),PGE1(商品名保达新)、海藻糖(trehalose)购自南宁中诺生物工程公司)、二甲亚砜(DMSO,天津医药公司产品)。荧光素标记的特异性血小板膜表面抗体及相关多肽:PAC1-FITC, CD62P-PE,CD61-PerCP,MIgGI-PE等购自Becton Dickinson公司;RGDS肽和GPRP (GlyProArgPro乙酸盐)购自Sigma公司产品。血小板聚集诱导剂包括:凝血酶(thrombin, Sigma公司产品),二磷酸腺苷(ADP, Sigma公司产品),丙基没食子酸(Propyl gallate, Analytical ControlSystems公司产品)。
MEK6108K型全自动血细胞分析仪(Nihon Kohden公司产品),APACT2聚集仪(德国Lanbo公司产品),FACSCalibur流式细胞仪(Becton Dickinson公司产品)和CellQuest分析软件, Centrifuge 5415D离心机(Eppendorf),Biofuge15R(Heraeus公司产品),台式冷冻干燥机(TFFD1)。
实验分组
实验为配伍设计,5份PCs,各准备15 ml。设对照组和2个实验组,对照组为新鲜富含血小板血浆(FPRP),不进行任何处理。每份PCs分3个试管,2ml/tube,分至各组,剩余的离心(2 287×g,15分钟),留取少量血小板血浆(PPP)备用。
前处理(海藻糖负载)
血小板中加入预处理液,实验组1含海藻糖 45 mmol/L和DMSO 3%,实验组2含海藻糖 45 mmol/L,DMSO 3%,PGE1 1 μmol/L,LArg 5 mmol/L,Phy 0.5 mmol/L和Bivaridin 0.5 μmol/L。将各组样品混匀后,37℃水浴4小时,每20分钟振摇1次。
血小板冷冻干燥、预水化和再水化
血小板悬液1 111×g离心8分钟,用冷冻干燥液1 ml(HEPES 9.5 mmol/L,NaCl 142.5 mmol/L,KCl 4.8 mmol/L,MgCl2 1.0 mmol/L, trehalose 150.0 mmol/L,PGE1 1 μmol/L, LArg 5 mmol/L,Phy 0.5 mmol/L, Bivaridin 0.5 μmol/L,DMSO 3%,人血清白蛋白 5%)在硅化后的玻璃瓶中重悬血小板,血小板PCT为40%-50%,干燥厚度<1 cm,进行冷冻干燥。
冷冻 ①以5℃/分钟的速度从22℃降至-5℃; ②以2℃/分钟从-5℃降至-60℃; ③ -60℃以下维持1小时以上。
干燥 一级干燥,-30℃,1小时,50 mTorr;二级干燥,架上温度以0.2℃/分钟的速度从-30℃升至20℃,50 mTorr。一级干燥和二级干燥之间采用快速直接升温,避免梯度升温。真空干燥完毕后,样品室温下在冻干机中至少放置24小时,然后用于试验或封装保存室温或4℃放置。
预水化 冻干的血小板在37℃湿度饱和的密闭环境中水浴4小时,使水含量达25%左右。
再水化 预水化处理后,按1∶4进入等渗的复水液/H2O(3/1, V/V)中再水化。复水液含NaCl 116.0 mmol/L,枸橼酸钠 13.6 mmol/L,Na2HPO4 8.6 mmol/L, KH2PO4 1.6 mmol/L, EDTA 0.9 mmol/L,葡萄糖 11.1 mmol/L,PGE1 1μmol/L,LArg 5 mmol/L,Phy 0.5 mmol/L,Bivaridin 0.5 μmol/L,DMSO 3%,pH=6.8。
血小板回收率
血小板回收率=(复水后血小板数目/冻干前血小板数目)×100%
血小板聚集试验
各诱导剂作用浓度为thrombin 1 U/ml,ADP 20 μmol/L, propyl gallate 50 μl。PPP聚集率为0%,PRP聚集率为100%。原血浆调整PRP血小板浓度至(200-300)×106/ml,反应体积250 μl。
血小板膜表面CD62p、PAC1的表达率
采用流式细胞术(FCM)测定血小板膜表面CD62p、PAC1d阳性表达率,操作参照常规检查步骤。以CD61表达和SSC作为选定血小板的条件R1,获取10 000个血小板(速度300个/秒)进行FL1(PAC1-FITC)和FL2(CD62p-PE)双参数分析。以阴性对照管,调节阳性区的假阳性率<1%,用单纯血小板和各阳性单染(抗CD61单染,抗CD62p单染和抗PAC1单染对照)加阴性对照校正荧光FL1,FL2。建立获取模式后检测测定管。
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